Engineering Glossary
From fundamental principles to cutting-edge practices, this glossary covers the full spectrum of software engineering terminology.
YAML (Yet Another Markup Language)
Human-readable data serialization standard that can be used in conjunction with all programming languages.
DevOps
YAML Sprawl
Proliferation of YAML configuration files, often leading to maintenance and consistency challenges.
DevOps
Yak Shaving
Seemingly useless activity which, by allowing you to overcome intermediate difficulties, allows you to solve a larger problem.
DevOps
Yarn
Fast, reliable, and secure dependency management tool for Node.js, offering improved performance and additional features over NPM.
DevOps
Yocto
Open-source collaboration project that helps developers create custom Linux-based systems.
DevOps
Yoda Conditions
Programming style where the constant goes before the variable in a conditional statement.
DevOps
You Build it You Run it
DevOps principle where development teams are also responsible for supporting the software in production.
DevOps
Zabbix
Open-source software tool to monitor various IT components, including networks, servers, virtual machines, and cloud services.
DevOps
Zero Downtime Deployment
Deployment method that ensures the application remains available to users during the entire update process.
DevOps
Zero Nines
A measure of system availability where no uptime guarantee is provided. It indicates a service with no specified reliability commitments or expectations.
DevOps
Zero Trust
Security concept centered on the belief that organizations should not automatically trust anything inside or outside its perimeters.
DevOps
Zero-day Attack
Cyber attack exploiting a vulnerability that is unknown to the software vendor or to antivirus vendors.
DevOps
Zipkin
Distributed tracing system that helps gather timing data needed to troubleshoot latency problems in service architectures.
DevOps
Zookeeper
Centralized service for maintaining configuration information, naming, providing distributed synchronization, and providing group services.
DevOps
Zsh (Z Shell)
Extended version of the Bourne Shell with many improvements, including some features of Bash, ksh, and tcsh.
DevOps
iOS Deployment
Process of distributing iOS applications to Apple devices, often through the App Store or enterprise distribution methods.
DevOps
macOS
Apple's Unix-based operating system for Macintosh computers, known for its user-friendly interface and tight integration with Apple hardware.
DevOps
stash entry
stash entry
A single set of stashed changes in Git, which can be reapplied later to the working directory.
status checks
status checks
Automated tests or processes that run when changes are proposed in a Git repository, ensuring code quality and compatibility.
subscription
subscription
Notifications or updates a user receives about activity in Git repositories they're interested in or contributing to.
superproject
superproject
The main Git repository that contains submodules, managing references to specific versions of nested repositories.
symref
symref
A symbolic reference in Git that points to another reference, most commonly used for HEAD pointing to the current branch.
tag object
tag object
A Git object containing metadata about a tag, including the tagger, date, and optional message.
team
team
A group of users on a Git platform with shared access permissions to repositories within an organization.
team maintainer
team maintainer
A user with administrative privileges for managing a team's membership and access rights in a Git organization.
timeline
timeline
A chronological display of events and activities in a Git repository or user profile on hosting platforms.
topic branch
topic branch
A short-lived Git branch created to develop a specific feature or fix a particular issue.
topics
topics
Keywords or categories assigned to Git repositories to help users discover related projects on hosting platforms.
traffic graph
traffic graph
A visual representation of visitor activity and clone statistics for a Git repository on hosting platforms.
transfer
transfer
The process of moving Git objects between repositories during push, fetch, or clone operations.
tree
tree
A Git object representing a directory structure, containing references to blobs (files) and other trees (subdirectories).
tree object
tree object
A Git object that stores the hierarchy of files and directories in a repository at a specific point in time.
tree-ish (also treeish)
tree-ish (also treeish)
A Git term referring to an object that resolves to a tree, such as a commit, tag, or tree.
unborn
unborn
A state of a Git branch that has no commits yet, typically seen when initializing a new repository.
unmerged index
unmerged index
The state of the Git index containing conflicting changes from different branches during a merge operation.
unreachable object
unreachable object
A Git object not accessible from any reference, potentially subject to garbage collection if not recovered.
upstream branch
upstream branch
The remote branch that a local branch is set to track, used as a reference for pull and push operations.
user
user
An individual account on a Git platform, associated with personal repositories and contributions.
user-to-server request
user-to-server request
An authenticated request from a Git client to a server, typically for operations like push or fetch.
username
username
The unique identifier for a user account on Git platforms, used for authentication and mention notifications.
visible team
visible team
A team in a Git organization that is visible to all members of the organization, as opposed to secret teams.
watch
watch
A feature allowing users to receive notifications about activity in Git repositories they're interested in.
watching notifications
watching notifications
Alerts received for all notable events in a watched Git repository, including issues, pull requests, and releases.
web notifications
web notifications
Alerts displayed on Git platforms' web interfaces, notifying users of relevant activity or mentions.
working area
working area
The directory on your local machine where you modify files before staging and committing them in Git.
working tree
working tree
The set of files and directories in your project that are currently checked out and available for editing.
worktree
worktree
A Git feature allowing multiple working directories to be associated with a single repository.
write access
write access
Permission to make changes to a Git repository, including pushing commits and modifying branches.
Data Governance
Policies and processes for ensuring data quality, security, and compliance in cloud environments.
Data Integration as a Service
Cloud-based tools for combining data from various sources into a unified view, enabling comprehensive data analysis.
Data Lake
Centralized repository storing structured and unstructured data at scale in its native format.
Data Lake (e.g., AWS Lake Formation, Azure Data Lake)
Large-scale storage repository for raw data in various formats in cloud environments.
Data Lake Houses
Hybrid architecture combining data lake storage with data warehouse query capabilities in cloud environments.
Data Lineage
Tracking the origin, movement, and transformations of data throughout its lifecycle in cloud systems.
Data Lineage and Provenance Tracking
Monitoring data origins, transformations, and usage across cloud environments for compliance and analysis.
Data Mart
Subset of a data warehouse focused on specific business functions or departments in cloud environments.
Data Masking and Anonymization
Techniques to protect sensitive information by obscuring or replacing identifiable data in cloud storage.
Data Mesh Architecture
Decentralized approach to data management, treating data as a product owned by domain teams in cloud environments.
Data Mesh Platforms
Tools supporting implementation of data mesh principles in cloud-based data architectures.
Data Migration
Process of transferring data between storage types, formats, or systems in cloud environments.
Data Pipeline (e.g., AWS Data Pipeline, Azure Data Factory)
Automated process for extracting, transforming, and loading data between cloud systems or services.
Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)
Systematic analysis of how data processing activities affect privacy in cloud environments.
Data Quality as a Service
Cloud-based tools for assessing, improving, and maintaining the quality of data assets.
Data Residency
Specifying the physical location where cloud-stored data resides for compliance with regulations.
Data Rights Management
Controls for protecting intellectual property and sensitive information in cloud-based data sharing.
Data Science Marketplaces
Platforms for sharing and monetizing data science models and algorithms in the cloud.
Data Science Version Control
Tools for tracking changes and collaborating on data science projects in cloud environments.
Data Skew Handling in Distributed Systems
Techniques for managing uneven data distribution in cloud-based parallel processing.
Data Sovereignty
Concept that data is subject to the laws of the country in which it is stored in cloud environments.
Data Tokenization Services
Cloud-based tools for replacing sensitive data with non-sensitive equivalents for security purposes.
Data Versioning and Time Travel
Capability to access and restore previous versions of data in cloud storage systems.
Data Virtualization
Technology that provides a unified view of data from multiple cloud and on-premises sources without moving it.
Data Visualization
Tools and techniques for creating visual representations of data stored in cloud environments.
Data Warehouse (e.g., Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics)
Centralized repository optimized for analytics and business intelligence in cloud environments.
Data Warehousing
Process of collecting, storing, and managing data from varied sources in a central cloud repository for analysis.
Database Auditing
Monitoring and recording database activities in cloud environments for security and compliance purposes.
Database Backup and Restore
Process of creating copies of databases and recovering them in cloud environments for data protection.
Database Caching
Technique to store frequently accessed data in memory for faster retrieval in cloud databases.
Database Encryption
Process of encoding data to protect sensitive information in cloud-based databases.
Database Failover
Automatic switching to a redundant database when the primary system fails in cloud environments.
Database High Availability
Techniques ensuring continuous database operation in cloud environments, minimizing downtime.
Database Migration
Process of moving databases from on-premises or other cloud environments to a target cloud platform.
Database Migration Service
Managed service for migrating databases to cloud platforms with minimal downtime.
Database Performance Tuning
Optimizing database operations for improved speed and efficiency in cloud environments.
Database Proxy
Intermediary service managing connections between applications and cloud databases for improved security and performance.
Database Scaling (Vertical and Horizontal)
Adjusting database resources vertically (more powerful hardware) or horizontally (more instances) in cloud environments.
Database Sharding
Distributing data across multiple database instances for improved performance and scalability in the cloud.
Database Version Upgrades
Process of updating database software to newer versions in cloud environments, improving performance and security.
Database as a Service (DBaaS)
Managed cloud service providing database functionality without the need for infrastructure management.
Dead Letter Queues
Storage for messages that can't be processed successfully in cloud-based message queuing systems.
Decentralized Cloud (Web3)
Distributed cloud computing model leveraging blockchain technology for increased security and user control.
Decentralized Cloud Resource Markets
Blockchain-based platforms for trading compute resources across distributed cloud networks.
Decentralized Identity
Self-sovereign identity management using blockchain technology in cloud environments.
Decentralized Identity Management
Systems for user authentication and authorization using blockchain in cloud environments.
Decentralized Storage
Distributed file storage systems using peer-to-peer networks in cloud computing environments.
Deception Technology in the Cloud
Security approach using decoys to detect, deceive, and deflect attackers in cloud environments.
Deep Learning
Subset of machine learning using neural networks with multiple layers for complex pattern recognition in cloud environments.
Deployment Automation
Tools and practices for automatically releasing and updating applications in cloud environments.
Deployment Manager (Google Cloud)
Service for declaratively managing and deploying cloud resources on Google Cloud Platform.
DevOps Assembly Lines
Automated, end-to-end pipelines for software delivery in cloud environments, streamlining development and deployment processes.
DevOps Culture and Practices
Collaborative approach integrating development and operations teams for efficient cloud-based software delivery.
DevOps Metrics and KPIs
Measurements for assessing the performance and efficiency of DevOps processes in cloud environments.
DevSecOps Automation
Integration of security practices into DevOps processes using automated tools in cloud environments.
DevSecOps Automation Platforms
Integrated tools for implementing security throughout the DevOps lifecycle in cloud environments.
Device Management
Tools and practices for configuring, monitoring, and securing IoT devices connected to cloud platforms.
Device Provisioning
Process of setting up and configuring IoT devices for secure connection to cloud platforms.
Differential Privacy as a Service
Cloud-based tools for adding noise to data to protect individual privacy while maintaining overall accuracy.
Digital Experience Monitoring (DEM)
Tools for tracking and optimizing user interactions with cloud-based applications and services.
Digital Twin Technology
Virtual representations of physical objects or systems, often leveraging cloud resources for simulation and analysis.
Digital Twins
Virtual models of physical assets or processes, often using cloud computing for data processing and simulation.
Digital Twins in the Cloud
Cloud-based virtual representations of physical entities for monitoring, simulation, and optimization.
Direct Connect
Dedicated network connection between on-premises infrastructure and cloud service providers.
Disaggregated Server Architectures
Cloud infrastructure designs separating compute, storage, and networking for flexible resource allocation.
Disaggregated Storage
Cloud storage architecture separating storage management functions from physical storage devices.
Disaster Recovery
Strategies and tools for recovering data and systems after a catastrophic event in cloud environments.
Distributed AI Training
Process of training machine learning models across multiple cloud nodes for improved speed and efficiency.
Distributed Cloud
Cloud services distributed across multiple physical locations but managed centrally.
Distributed Constraint Optimization
Techniques for solving complex problems across multiple cloud nodes while satisfying various constraints.
Distributed Data Science Workflows
Cloud-based systems for running data analysis and machine learning tasks across multiple nodes.
Distributed Deception Platforms
Cloud-based security systems deploying decoys across multiple points to detect and mislead attackers.
Distributed Edge AI Training
Process of training AI models across multiple edge devices and cloud resources, enabling decentralized learning at scale.
Distributed Hyperparameter Optimization
Technique for tuning machine learning models across multiple cloud nodes for improved performance.
Distributed Ledger Orchestration
Managing and coordinating blockchain networks across multiple cloud environments.
Distributed Tracing for Microservices
Tracking and analyzing requests as they flow through cloud-based microservices architectures.
Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) for Cloud
Specialized programming languages designed for efficient cloud resource management and deployment.
Drift Detection
Monitoring and identifying unauthorized or unintended changes in cloud infrastructure configurations.
Durable Functions (Azure)
Extension of Azure Functions that enables stateful operations in serverless compute environments.
Dynamic Access Control
Adaptive security measures that adjust permissions based on context in cloud environments.
E-Waste Management for Cloud Infrastructure
Responsible disposal and recycling of outdated or decommissioned cloud hardware.
E-Waste Management in Cloud Computing
Strategies for sustainably disposing of and recycling obsolete cloud computing hardware.
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
Process of moving data from source systems into a data warehouse in cloud environments.
Eco-Friendly Cloud Migration Strategies
Approaches to moving to the cloud that minimize environmental impact and energy consumption.
Edge AI
Artificial intelligence algorithms running on devices at the network edge, often integrated with cloud backends.
Edge AI Model Compression Techniques
Methods for reducing the size of AI models to run efficiently on edge devices with cloud support.
Edge AI Model Versioning
Managing and updating AI model versions across distributed edge devices and cloud systems.
Edge AI/ML
Artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities deployed on edge devices, often with cloud integration.
Edge Analytics
Processing and analyzing data near its source on edge devices before sending insights to the cloud.
Edge Analytics Frameworks
Software platforms for developing and deploying analytics applications on edge devices with cloud connectivity.
Edge Anomaly Detection
Identifying unusual patterns or behaviors in data at the network edge before sending alerts to the cloud.
Edge Caching
Storing frequently accessed data on edge devices or servers to reduce latency and cloud bandwidth usage.
Edge Compute Networking
Network architectures optimized for connecting edge computing devices to cloud resources.
Edge Computer Vision
Processing and analyzing visual data on edge devices before sending results to the cloud.
Edge Content Delivery
Distributing and caching content on edge servers to reduce latency and cloud bandwidth consumption.
Edge Databases
Database systems designed to run on edge devices with intermittent connectivity to cloud backends.
Edge Generative AI
Creating AI-generated content on edge devices with potential cloud-based model updates and synchronization.
5G MEC Integration
Integration of 5G mobile edge computing with container platforms for low-latency applications and services at network edges.
AIOps for Container Environments
Application of AI and machine learning for automated operations, monitoring, and management of containerized environments.
API Deprecation Policy
Guidelines for phasing out older API versions in Kubernetes, ensuring smooth transitions for users.
API Extensions
Mechanisms to extend the Kubernetes API with custom resources and functionalities, enhancing platform capabilities.
API Gateway Pattern
Containerized service that acts as a single entry point for all client requests to a microservices architecture.
API Server
Core component of Kubernetes that exposes the cluster's API and handles all administrative operations.
API Server Aggregation
Kubernetes feature allowing the API server to be extended with additional APIs without modifying core Kubernetes code.
API-First Development
Approach prioritizing API design before implementation, crucial for developing scalable containerized microservices.
AWS Fargate
Serverless compute engine for containers, allowing you to run containers without managing the underlying infrastructure.
Adapter Pattern
Design pattern in containerized microservices that wraps a service's interface to make it compatible with other services.
Admission Controllers
Plugins that intercept requests to the Kubernetes API server before object persistence, enforcing policies or modifying objects.
Admission Controllers for Security
Admission controllers specifically focused on enforcing security policies and validating security-related configurations.
Admission Webhooks
HTTP callbacks that receive admission requests and can modify or validate objects before they are persisted.
Admission Webhooks in Operators
Use of admission webhooks within Kubernetes operators to enforce custom policies or modify resources.
Advanced Audit
Kubernetes feature providing detailed logging of all requests processed by the API server for security and compliance.
Aggregated API Servers
Extension of the Kubernetes API server to include custom resources and functionalities without modifying core Kubernetes.
Aggregated ClusterRoles
Combination of multiple ClusterRoles into a single role, simplifying RBAC management in Kubernetes.
Air-gapped Registries
Container registries isolated from public networks, used in secure or restricted environments.
Akri
Open-source project for exposing heterogeneous leaf devices as resources in Kubernetes clusters.
Alertmanager Configuration
Setup and management of Prometheus Alertmanager for handling alerts from monitoring systems.
Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)
Fully managed Docker container registry provided by AWS for storing, managing, and deploying container images.
Ambassador Pattern
Microservices design pattern where a dedicated service acts as an API gateway for other services.
Ambient Mesh
Service mesh implementation that doesn't require sidecars, reducing resource overhead and simplifying deployment.
Anchore Engine for Image Scanning
Open-source tool for deep inspection of container images, including vulnerability scanning and policy enforcement.
Ansible-based Operators
Kubernetes operators implemented using Ansible for automating application lifecycle management.
Antrea Network Policies
Network policies specific to the Antrea CNI plugin, offering fine-grained control over pod-to-pod communication.
Antrea for Open vSwitch-based Networking
Kubernetes networking solution using Open vSwitch for improved performance and advanced networking features.
Apache OpenWhisk
Open-source serverless platform that executes functions in response to events or direct invocations.
AppArmor Profiles
Security profiles for Linux that restrict program capabilities, enhancing container isolation and security.
Application-level Logging
Logging implemented within applications, providing detailed insights into application behavior and performance.
Aqua Security
Platform providing security and compliance for container-based and cloud-native applications throughout their lifecycle.
Aqua Security Platform
Comprehensive security solution for containerized and cloud-native environments, offering vulnerability management and runtime protection.
Argo CD
GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, automating application deployment and lifecycle management.
Argo Rollouts
Kubernetes controller for advanced deployment strategies like canary and blue-green deployments.
ArgoCD
Declarative GitOps tool for Kubernetes, automating application deployment and synchronization with Git repositories.
Artifact Management
Process of storing, organizing, and managing container images and related artifacts in container registries.
Athenz for Fine-grained Access Control
Open-source platform for fine-grained access control and authentication in distributed systems.
Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
Access control paradigm where authorization decisions are based on attributes of users, resources, and environment.
Audit Annotations
Additional metadata added to Kubernetes audit events for enhanced context and analysis, improving audit trails.
Audit Backends
Components responsible for processing and storing Kubernetes audit logs, supporting various storage and analysis options.
Audit Events
Records of requests and activities within a Kubernetes cluster, used for security monitoring and compliance.
Audit Levels
Configurable detail levels for Kubernetes audit logs, ranging from metadata-only to full request and response details.
Audit Logging
Process of recording API server requests and responses for security, troubleshooting, and compliance purposes.
Audit Logs
Detailed records of activities and operations within a Kubernetes cluster, used for security and compliance monitoring.
Audit Policy
Configuration defining which events should be recorded in Kubernetes audit logs and at what level of detail.
Audit Profile
Predefined set of audit policy rules for common use cases in Kubernetes, simplifying audit configuration.
Audit Stages
Different phases of request processing where audit events can be generated in Kubernetes, providing comprehensive auditing.
Audit Webhook Configuration
Setup for sending Kubernetes audit events to external webhook endpoints for processing or analysis.
Auditing
Process of systematically recording and examining activities within a Kubernetes cluster for security and compliance purposes.
Authenticating Proxy
Intermediary service that handles authentication before forwarding requests to the Kubernetes API server.
Authentication Modules
Pluggable components in container orchestration platforms for verifying user identities using various methods.
Authorization Policies
Rules defining access permissions for users and services in container orchestration platforms.
Azure Container Instances
Serverless container hosting service in Azure, offering rapid deployment of containers without cluster management.
Azure Container Registry
Managed Docker registry service for storing and managing container images in Azure cloud environments.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) in Containers
Implementation of Border Gateway Protocol within containerized network environments for advanced routing.
BGP in Container Networks
In container networks, BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) manages routing information between containers and external networks for efficient traffic routing.
Backend for Frontend (BFF) Pattern
Microservices design pattern where a dedicated service acts as an API gateway for specific frontend needs.
Backup and Restore
Processes for preserving and recovering container data and configurations in orchestration platforms.
Base Image
Foundation Docker image upon which other images are built, containing core OS and runtime components.
Base Image Selection
Process of choosing appropriate foundation images for container builds, balancing size, security, and functionality.
Best Effort QoS
Kubernetes quality of service class for pods with no resource guarantees, scheduled when resources are available.
Blue-Green Deployments
Deployment strategy using two identical environments to minimize downtime and risk during updates.
Bootstrap Tokens
Temporary tokens used for secure cluster initialization and node joining in Kubernetes, simplifying cluster setup.
Bottlerocket OS
Minimalist Linux-based operating system optimized for running containers in cloud environments.
BuildKit
Advanced container image building toolkit offering improved performance and caching capabilities.
BuildKit for Advanced Image Building
Use of BuildKit for efficient, concurrent, and cache-optimized container image creation, improving build performance.
Bulkhead Pattern
Isolation technique in microservices to contain failures and prevent system-wide cascading failures.
Bulkhead Pattern in Microservices
The Bulkhead Pattern in microservices isolates failures by dividing services into separate compartments, preventing issues in one from affecting others.
Burstable QoS
Kubernetes quality of service class for pods that can use more resources than requested when available.
CIS Benchmarks for Containers
Security configuration guidelines for deploying containers securely in various environments.
CNI Plugin Chaining
Technique of using multiple Container Network Interface plugins together for advanced networking capabilities.
CPU Manager
Kubernetes feature for fine-grained CPU resource management and allocation to containers, optimizing performance.
CPU Throttling
Technique to limit CPU usage of containers to prevent resource monopolization and ensure fair allocation.
CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation)
Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in distributed systems, often used in microservices.
CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) Pattern
Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in distributed systems, often used in microservices.
CRI (Container Runtime Interface) Specification
Standard interface between container runtimes and Kubernetes, allowing pluggable runtime implementations.
CRI Image Management
Functionality within CRI for pulling, inspecting, and removing container images, standardizing image operations.
CRI Logging
Standardized logging interface for container runtimes implementing the Container Runtime Interface.
CRI Metrics
Performance and resource usage data exposed by container runtimes adhering to the CRI specification.
CRI Runtime Class
Kubernetes feature allowing selection of different runtime configurations for containers, enabling specialized runtimes.
CRI Socket
Unix domain socket used for communication between Kubelet and the CRI-compatible container runtime.
CRI Validation Testing
Process of verifying that a container runtime correctly implements the CRI specification, ensuring compatibility.
CRI-O
Lightweight container runtime specifically designed for Kubernetes, implementing the CRI specification.
CRI-O Internals
Core components and architecture of the CRI-O container runtime, including its interaction with Kubernetes.
CRI-O as Container Runtime
Use of CRI-O, a lightweight container runtime, as the primary runtime in a Kubernetes cluster.
CSI Controller Plugin
Component of CSI responsible for volume provisioning and attachment operations in container orchestration systems.
CSI Drivers
Plugins implementing the Container Storage Interface for various storage systems in Kubernetes.
CSI Ephemeral Volumes
Short-lived volumes in Kubernetes, created and deleted alongside a pod using CSI drivers, for temporary storage.
CSI Migration
Process of transitioning from in-tree volume plugins to CSI drivers in Kubernetes, improving storage extensibility.
CSI Node Plugin
Component of CSI responsible for mounting volumes and making them available to containers.
CSI Topology
Feature allowing storage provisioning based on topology constraints in Kubernetes, optimizing data locality.
Cache-Aside Pattern
Caching strategy where the application checks the cache before retrieving data from the main data store.
Caching Strategies for Containers
Techniques for implementing and managing caches in containerized applications for improved performance.
Calico
Open-source networking and network security solution for containers, providing a rich set of security policies.
Calico eBPF Datapath
High-performance networking mode in Calico using extended Berkeley Packet Filter for packet processing.
Canary Deployments
Technique of releasing new versions to a subset of users or servers to minimize risk and gather feedback.
Capabilities
Fine-grained privileges that can be assigned to containers, enhancing security by limiting root-level access.
Capability Controls
Mechanisms for managing and restricting Linux capabilities assigned to containers for improved security.