Engineering Glossary

A record in Git's index file representing the state of a file in the repository.

A connection between Git and other tools or services to enhance functionality and workflow.

A short sequence of bytes used to identify a longer public key in Git's GPG signing process.

A secure storage system for passwords and keys, often integrated with Git clients for credential management.

A reserved word in Git commands or configurations with a specific meaning or function.

A way to categorize and organize issues and pull requests in GitHub repositories.

A document in a Git repository specifying how the project can be used, modified, and distributed.

A feature in Git platforms allowing users to comment on specific lines of code in pull requests or commits.

Characters marking the end of a line, which can cause issues in Git when collaborating across different operating systems.

A GitHub account that has been restricted due to a violation of terms of service or suspicious activity.

The default name for the primary branch in many Git repositories, replacing 'master' in recent conventions.

An administrative interface for managing Git hosting services, often used in enterprise environments.

A system of annotation used to format text, often used in Git documentation and comments.

A visual representation of an organization's membership on Git hosting platforms.

A situation in Git where incompatible changes have been made to the same part of a file, requiring manual resolution.

A way to track progress on groups of issues or pull requests in GitHub projects.

A complete copy of a repository, including all branches and history, often used for backup or as a full replica.

A team within a GitHub organization that is a subset of a larger team, inheriting its permissions.

A visual representation of the commit history and branch structure of a Git repository.

A personalized list of recent activity on Git platforms, showing updates from followed users and repositories.

A Git push that introduces new commits to the remote branch that aren't direct descendants of the current remote HEAD.

An alert system on Git platforms to inform users about relevant activities and mentions.

A fundamental unit in Git's data model, representing content, commits, trees, or tags, identified by a unique SHA-1 hash.

The storage system in Git that contains all versions of project files and metadata, organized by SHA-1 hashes.

A unique SHA-1 hash that identifies a Git object, ensuring data integrity and enabling content-addressable storage.

Another term for the SHA-1 hash that uniquely identifies a Git object in the repository.

The classification of Git objects, including blob (file content), tree (directory structure), commit, and tag.

A Git merge involving more than two branches simultaneously, creating a commit with multiple parents.

A shared account on Git hosting platforms where businesses and open-source projects can collaborate across many projects.

A user with administrative privileges for an organization account on Git hosting platforms.

A branch in Git with no parent commit, typically used to start a new history unrelated to existing branches.

A user granted access to a repository but not a member of the organization that owns the repository.

A Git feature that allows files from one branch to temporarily override files in another branch without merging.

The user or organization with administrative rights to a Git repository, controlling access and settings.

A compressed file format used by Git to store multiple objects efficiently, reducing repository size.

A file that provides fast random access to objects stored within a packfile in Git.

A commit from which another commit is derived, establishing the hierarchical relationship in Git history.

A team in a Git platform that grants its permissions to nested sub-teams within an organization.

Alerts received when you're directly involved in repository activities like being assigned or mentioned.

A pattern used in Git commands to limit the scope of operations to specific files or directories.

The process of recursively dereferencing a Git object to reveal its underlying object type.

A reference specific to a particular working tree in a Git repository with multiple worktrees.

A URL that points to a specific version of a file or directory in a Git repository, ensuring consistent reference.

An individual account on Git platforms, used for personal projects and contributions.

A Git feature for searching the repository history to find when a particular change was introduced.

A featured repository prominently displayed on a user's or organization's profile page on their Git hosting platform of choice.

Low-level Git commands that expose internal workings, primarily used for scripting and advanced operations.

High-level Git commands designed for everyday use, providing a user-friendly interface to common version control tasks.

Server-side scripts that run before pushed commits are accepted, used to enforce policies or perform checks.

The main email associated with a Git account, used for communications and commit author identification.

Contributions made to private repositories, typically only visible to repository collaborators.

A Git repository with restricted access, visible only to the owner and explicitly granted collaborators.

A Git branch that represents the stable, deployed version of a project, often protected from direct changes.

A user's public page on a Git platform, displaying information about their activity and repositories.

An image representing a user on a Git platform, displayed alongside their contributions and activities.

A kanban-style board in Git platforms for organizing and prioritizing project issues and pull requests.

A branch with rules enforcing certain conditions before changes can be pushed, merged, or deleted.

A Git reference that doesn't follow the standard refs format but is treated similarly, like HEAD or MERGE_HEAD.

Contributions made to public repositories, visible on a user's profile and activity feed.

A Git repository that is openly accessible to anyone, allowing viewing and often cloning without authentication.

Permission level in Git allowing a user to clone a repository and fetch updates, but not push changes.

The process of examining proposed changes in a pull request before they are merged into the main codebase.

A visual representation of a GitHub repository's recent activity, including commits, issues, and pull requests.

A visualization of commit frequency over time, often displayed as a heatmap on Git platforms.

The act of uploading commits from a local branch to a corresponding branch in a remote Git repository.

Permission to upload local changes to a remote Git repository, allowing direct modification of shared branches.

Data structures used to optimize Git operations by quickly determining which objects are reachable from a given commit.

Git objects that can be accessed by following the commit history from a given reference point.

Permission to view and clone a Git repository without the ability to make changes or push commits.

A backup method for accessing a Git account if two-factor authentication is enabled but unavailable.

A name that points to a specific Git object, typically a commit, such as branches or tags.

The collection of references in a Git repository, including branches, tags, and other named pointers to commits.

The address of a remote Git repository, used for fetching and pushing changes between local and remote repositories.

A version of a Git project hosted on a server, serving as a central point for collaboration and backup.

A local reference that represents the state of a corresponding branch in a remote repository.

A copy of a Git repository, often used in distributed systems for redundancy and load balancing.

A local storage of repository data used to improve performance in Git operations.

A visual representation of the commit history and branch structure in a Git repository.

A person responsible for managing a Git repository, reviewing contributions, and maintaining project quality.

A protection rule requiring one or more reviewers to approve changes before merging in Git platforms.

A condition that must be met, such as passing tests, before changes can be merged into a protected branch.

The process of addressing and fixing merge conflicts in Git, typically done manually by the developer.

A Git operation that creates a new commit that undoes the changes made by a previous commit.

The process of examining proposed changes in a pull request before merging them into the main codebase.

A specific version of a file, directory, or entire repository in Git, often referenced by a commit hash.

The act of moving a branch pointer to an earlier commit in Git, effectively undoing more recent commits.

The top-level directory of a Git repository, containing all project files and the .git subdirectory.

The base filesystem of a Git repository, from which all other directories and files are organized.

A pre-written response that can be quickly inserted into issues or pull request comments on Git platforms.

The range of access or permissions granted to a token or application in Git-based systems.

A licensed user in enterprise Git hosting plans, typically representing a single user account.

A team in a Git organization that is hidden from non-members and other teams within the organization.

A record of security-related events and actions in a system, used for monitoring and auditing purposes.

An authenticated request between Git servers, often used in integrations or automated processes.

A mechanism for Git platforms to send event notifications to external services or applications.

A Git repository with an intentionally truncated history, often created through shallow cloning.

An authentication process allowing users to access multiple Git-related services with one set of credentials.

A Git reference with a specific meaning or function, such as HEAD or FETCH_HEAD.

A deployment environment used for testing changes before releasing to production in Git-based workflows.

A feature on Git hosting platforms allowing users to bookmark repositories of interest.

Cloud-hosted version of ROS, providing robotics middleware and tools as a service.

Platforms for simulating and testing robotic systems using cloud computing resources.

Services for processing and rendering 3D audio experiences using cloud computing resources.

Factory automation systems leveraging cloud resources for data processing, analytics, and remote management.

Systems using cloud computing to enhance navigation capabilities of autonomous vehicles or robots.

Systems using cloud computing to enhance navigation capabilities of autonomous vehicles or robots.

Implementations of ACID properties for database transactions in distributed cloud environments.

Integrated security solutions designed to protect cloud-native applications throughout their lifecycle.

Specialized software for identifying and resolving issues in cloud-native applications and microservices.

Frameworks and services optimized for training and deploying deep learning models in cloud environments.

Specialized hardware accelerators optimized for cloud-native workloads and accessible as cloud services.

Network security tools designed specifically for protecting cloud-native applications and infrastructure.

Cloud-based services providing hardware-level encryption key management and cryptographic operations.

Integrated development environments optimized for building and deploying cloud-native applications.

Interactive computing environments for data analysis and machine learning, designed for cloud deployment.

Traffic distribution services designed specifically for cloud-native applications and microservices architectures.

Virtualized network services designed to run in containerized environments, optimized for cloud infrastructure.

Network services built as microservices, optimized for deployment in cloud-native environments.

Scalable platforms for training AI agents using reinforcement learning algorithms in cloud environments.

SIEM solutions designed for collecting and analyzing security data from cloud-native applications.

Automated coordination of security tools and processes in cloud-native environments.

Process of redesigning applications and infrastructure to fully leverage cloud-native technologies and practices.

BCI systems that use cloud computing for data processing and AI-driven interpretation of brain signals.

Design approach for building applications that can run on multiple cloud platforms without significant modifications.

Technology enabling virtual access to specialized AI hardware accelerators in the cloud.

Services for processing and delivering AR experiences using cloud computing resources.

Frameworks for building AI systems that mimic human cognitive processes using cloud resources.

Using cloud computing resources to perform complex calculations required for mining digital currencies.

Managed services for connecting, monitoring, and controlling Internet of Things devices using cloud infrastructure.

Services for automating repetitive tasks and workflows using software robots hosted in the cloud.

Platforms offering drag-and-drop interfaces for creating applications without traditional coding, hosted in the cloud.

Practices and tools for building, training, and deploying AI models optimized for cloud environments.

Techniques and tools for leveraging cloud-based GPUs to accelerate computational tasks in cloud-native applications.

Process of moving applications and data from one cloud provider to another, optimizing for cost, performance, or features.

Unified computing paradigm combining cloud, edge, and fog computing for optimal data processing and latency.

Infrastructure-as-Code service for defining and provisioning AWS infrastructure using declarative templates.

Visual tool for creating, viewing, and modifying AWS CloudFormation templates, simplifying infrastructure-as-code development.

Small-scale cloud data centers located at the edge of the network to support low-latency applications.

Lightweight application layer protocol designed for constrained devices in Internet of Things (IoT) environments.

Delay in executing serverless functions when they haven't been used recently and need to be initialized.

Multiple robots working together, leveraging cloud resources for coordination and shared learning.

Cloud-based tools enabling teams to jointly design and refine data models for applications.

Cloud platforms supporting team-based data analysis, model development, and knowledge sharing.

Cloud-based recommendation systems processing large datasets to suggest items based on user preferences.

Database storage format optimized for analytical queries in cloud data warehouses.

Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in cloud-based applications.

Real-time analysis of data streams to identify and respond to specific patterns or events in cloud environments.

Standardized guidelines for ensuring cloud systems meet regulatory requirements (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS).

Regulatory standards guiding data protection and security practices in cloud computing.

Continuous assessment of cloud systems and practices to ensure adherence to regulatory standards.

Cloud service allowing dynamic assembly of virtualized compute, storage, and networking resources.

Storage devices with built-in processing capabilities, enabling data processing within the storage subsystem.

Storage hardware with integrated computing resources for in-situ data processing in cloud environments.

AI technology that enables machines to interpret and understand visual information from images or videos.

Cloud services offering pre-built models and tools for image and video analysis tasks.

Simultaneous execution of multiple computations or processes in cloud environments.

Technology protecting data in use by performing computation in a hardware-based trusted execution environment.

Isolated environments in cloud infrastructure for secure processing of sensitive data.

Monitoring and identifying unintended changes in cloud resource configurations over time.

Permissioned blockchain network operated by a group of organizations in a cloud environment.

Serverless compute platforms for running containers without managing the underlying infrastructure.

Optimizing container resource allocations to improve efficiency and reduce costs in cloud environments.

Technologies and practices for managing network connectivity between containerized applications in the cloud.

Tools and practices for protecting containerized applications during execution in cloud environments.

Measures and tools for protecting containerized applications and their data in cloud environments.

User interfaces that adapt based on user context, device capabilities, and environmental factors.

Dynamic approach to security that continuously analyzes and adapts to changing risks in cloud environments.

Ongoing process of assessing and improving security risks in cloud infrastructure configurations.

Automated, real-time tracking and reporting of compliance status for cloud resources and applications.

Ongoing validation of data quality, integrity, and consistency in cloud-based data pipelines and storage systems.

Automated process of releasing code changes to production environments in cloud infrastructure.

Automated pipeline for building, testing, and deploying applications in cloud environments.

Ongoing process of improving cloud resource utilization, performance, and cost-efficiency.

Constant monitoring and analysis of application performance in cloud environments to identify bottlenecks.

Ongoing process of adjusting cloud resource allocations to match actual usage and demand.

Automated process of regularly updating machine learning models with new data in cloud environments.

Ongoing process of validating cloud infrastructure and applications against defined policies and configurations.

Process of distributing cloud expenses across different departments, projects, or cost centers within an organization.

Automated identification of unusual or unexpected patterns in cloud spending, helping optimize resource allocation and budgeting.

Associating cloud expenses with specific resources, services, or business units for accurate accounting.

Tool for visualizing and analyzing cloud spending patterns and trends, helping optimize resource allocation and budgeting.

Automated suggestions for reducing cloud expenses while maintaining performance and reliability.

Intelligent scaling of cloud resources considering both performance requirements and cost implications.

Ensuring cloud data transfers comply with international data protection regulations.

Synchronizing data across multiple cloud providers for redundancy and disaster recovery.

Blockchain-based agreements executable across different cloud platforms, enabling multi-cloud decentralized applications.

Execution environments for cloud-native applications that work across multiple cloud providers.

Services for securely generating, storing, and rotating encryption keys in cloud environments.

Services defending against Distributed Denial of Service attacks on cloud-based applications and infrastructure.

Experimental technology using DNA molecules to store digital data, potentially leveraging cloud for processing.

Experimental technique using DNA molecules to store digital data, potentially integrated with cloud for processing and retrieval.

Managed Domain Name System services provided by cloud platforms for translating domain names to IP addresses.

Portable runtime for building microservices-based applications across cloud and edge environments.

Tools for creating interactive, visual representations of cloud data and metrics.

Centralized repository for metadata about an organization's data assets in the cloud.

Tools for organizing, indexing, and searching data assets across cloud environments.

Categorizing data based on sensitivity and importance for appropriate handling in cloud storage.

Monitoring changes in data distributions that may affect machine learning model performance in cloud environments.

Integrated architecture for managing and accessing data across diverse cloud and on-premises environments.

Unified data management framework spanning multiple cloud and on-premises environments.

Specialized containers that run to completion before other containers in a Kubernetes pod, used for initialization tasks.

Specification of CPU and memory limits for initialization containers in Kubernetes pods, ensuring efficient resource utilization.

Deprecated Kubernetes feature for dynamically modifying resource configurations before they become visible to the system.

Methods and patterns for containers within a pod to exchange data and signals, utilizing shared volumes or localhost networking.

Architectural designs for deploying and managing containerized applications on edge devices in Internet of Things scenarios.

Open-source service mesh providing traffic management, security, and observability for cloud-native applications.

Core services of the Istio service mesh responsible for configuring proxies and implementing policies.

Istio traffic management resource defining policies that apply to traffic intended for a service after routing has occurred.

Istio resources managing inbound and outbound traffic for the service mesh, providing fine-grained control over traffic flow.

Istio design that removes the Mixer component, improving performance and scalability of the service mesh.

Istio resources allowing the addition of entries to the service registry, enabling traffic to external dependencies.

Istio traffic management resources defining a set of traffic routing rules to apply when a host is addressed.

Istio feature providing a sidecar-less service mesh implementation, reducing resource overhead and simplifying deployment.

Open-source, end-to-end distributed tracing system for monitoring and troubleshooting microservices-based distributed systems.

Kubernetes operator for automated deployment and management of Jaeger tracing infrastructure in container environments.

Implementation of distributed tracing using Jaeger to monitor and optimize performance in microservices architectures.

Cloud-native CI/CD solution for Kubernetes, automating the entire software development lifecycle for containerized applications.

Tool for building optimized Docker and OCI images for Java applications without the need for a Docker daemon.

Kubernetes resource that creates one or more pods to perform a specific task and ensures they successfully complete, ideal for batch processes.

Lightweight Kubernetes distribution designed for edge, IoT, and resource-constrained environments, simplifying cluster deployment.

Terminal-based UI for managing and monitoring Kubernetes clusters, providing an intuitive interface for cluster operations.

Kubernetes-based Event Driven Autoscaling, enabling fine-grained autoscaling for event-driven workloads based on event sources.

Kubernetes Universal Declarative Operator, a toolkit for writing operators using a declarative spec, simplifying complex application management.

Tool for building container images from a Dockerfile inside a container or Kubernetes cluster, without requiring a Docker daemon.

Framework for application-level data management in Kubernetes, ensuring consistent backups of stateful apps.

Open-source project for multi-cluster application management in Kubernetes, facilitating resource distribution across clusters.

Lightweight virtual machines that feel and perform like containers, but provide the workload isolation and security of VMs.

Major update to Kata Containers, introducing improved performance, reduced footprint, and enhanced security features.

Cloud-native application lifecycle orchestration tool, automating deployment, testing, and remediation for containerized apps.

Technique allowing network packets to bypass the kernel, improving performance in container networking scenarios.

Linux feature providing isolation for system resources, fundamental to container implementation and resource separation.

CNI plugin using WireGuard to create a mesh overlay network for Kubernetes, enhancing security and simplicity.

Kubernetes-based platform for building, deploying, and managing serverless workloads, simplifying serverless application development.

Knative component providing tools for routing events between publishers and subscribers in cloud-native applications.

Knative component for deploying and managing serverless workloads, handling scaling and routing of containerized applications.

Tool allowing WebAssembly modules to run in Kubernetes clusters, enabling language-agnostic workloads.

Network virtualization solution for Kubernetes integrating the Open vSwitch software switch to provide advanced networking features.

Implementation of Kube-OVN to leverage Open vSwitch for flexible, high-performance container networking.

Tool for checking whether Kubernetes deployments adhere to Center for Internet Security (CIS) best practices.

Use of kube-bench to perform automated security audits of Kubernetes clusters against established benchmarks.

Kubernetes networking solution providing direct container-to-container networking with BGP-based routing.

Tool for static code analysis of Kubernetes object definitions, identifying misconfigurations and potential issues.

Service that listens to the Kubernetes API server and generates metrics about the state of Kubernetes objects.

Open-source system extending native containerized application orchestration capabilities to hosts at Edge.

Tool for bootstrapping a minimum viable Kubernetes cluster, simplifying the process of setting up a production-grade cluster.

Open-source tool for auditing Kubernetes clusters and workloads for potential security issues and best practice violations.

Framework for building Kubernetes APIs using custom resource definitions (CRDs), simplifying the creation of operators and controllers.

Tool providing real-time cost visibility and insights for running applications on Kubernetes, optimizing resource allocation.

Kubernetes Cluster Federation, enabling resource management across multiple Kubernetes clusters from a single control plane.

Kubernetes-native serverless framework, allowing deployment of small bits of code (functions) without managing underlying infrastructure.

System for evolving the Kubernetes API over time, allowing for backwards compatibility and gradual feature deprecation.

Plugins intercepting requests to the Kubernetes API server before object persistence, enforcing policies.

Feature allowing the Kubernetes API to be extended with additional APIs, enabling custom resources and controllers.

Key-value pairs for attaching non-identifying metadata to objects, used for tooling and client retrieval.

Mechanisms (HPA, VPA, Cluster Autoscaler) for automatically adjusting resources based on demand and metrics.

CNCF initiative ensuring consistency and portability across Kubernetes distributions and installations.

API objects automatically created when other objects change state, providing a cluster activity audit trail.

Mechanism for coordinating multiple Kubernetes clusters, enabling multi-cluster application deployment and management.

Field on resources preventing accidental deletion, ensuring proper cleanup of related resources or external dependencies.

Process of automatically deleting objects that no longer have owners, preventing resource leaks.

Evolved ingress and service networking, providing a more expressive, extensible way to configure traffic routing.

Key-value pairs attached to objects for identification and selection, crucial for organizing and selecting object subsets.

Cluster-wide aggregator of resource usage data, providing CPU and memory metrics for Horizontal Pod Autoscaler.

Software extensions to Kubernetes that use custom resources to manage applications and their components.

Relationship between API objects where one object owns another, used for cascading deletion and orphan handling.

Label query over a set of resources, used for identifying and grouping API objects based on their labels.

Policies and timelines for Kubernetes version releases, support, and deprecation, guiding upgrade planning.

Fully functional Kubernetes clusters running on top of other Kubernetes clusters, enabling multi-tenancy.

Web-based tool for security risk analysis of Kubernetes resource manifests, identifying vulnerabilities.

Kubernetes native configuration management tool that allows customization of YAML manifests without templating.

Technique in Kustomize for creating variations of a common base of Kubernetes resources, enabling environment-specific configs.

Method in Kustomize for modifying existing Kubernetes resources without directly editing the original YAML files.

Cloud security platform providing compliance monitoring and threat detection for containerized environments.

Unit of a container image representing a set of files or changes, crucial for image building and optimization.

Storage mechanism used by container runtimes, allowing efficient storage and quick updates of container images.

Design pattern ensuring only one instance of a distributed application component is active at a time.

Process where multiple instances of an operator elect a leader to prevent conflicts in resource management.

Security concept of giving a user or process only the minimum levels of access necessary to perform its function.

User-friendly, open-source IDE for managing Kubernetes clusters, providing a unified interface for multiple clusters.

Observability platform providing insights into the behavior of highly distributed software systems and microservices.

Kubernetes policy for constraining resource allocations (CPU and memory) for pods or containers in a namespace.

Kubernetes object defining the min, max, and default compute resources for pods and containers in a namespace.

Lightweight service mesh for Kubernetes, providing observability, reliability, and security for microservices.

Component of Linkerd responsible for proxying traffic between services, implementing service mesh functionality.

Linkerd resource providing service-specific traffic metrics and control, enhancing observability and management.

High-performance, minimal-footprint proxy used in Linkerd's data plane for efficient service mesh operations.

Framework allowing various security models to be plugged into the Linux kernel, enhancing container isolation.

Process of connecting external load balancers with Kubernetes services for distributing incoming traffic.

Methods used by load balancers to distribute traffic across multiple container instances or pods.

Kubernetes service type that provisions an external load balancer in cloud environments for routing external traffic to services.

Kubernetes volume type for locally attached storage, providing high-performance storage options for stateful workloads.

Technique for routing traffic to geographically or topologically closer endpoints in distributed container deployments.

Techniques for collecting, processing, and storing logs from distributed containerized applications for centralized analysis.

Design of systems for capturing, storing, and analyzing logs from containers and orchestration platforms.

Horizontally-scalable, multi-tenant log aggregation system designed for use with Prometheus and Kubernetes.

Cloud-native distributed block storage system for Kubernetes, providing persistent storage for stateful workloads.

Implementation of Longhorn for providing resilient, replicated block storage in Kubernetes clusters.

Technique for precomputing and storing query results, improving performance in microservices architectures.

Condition where a node or container is running low on available memory, potentially triggering evictions or OOM kills.

Process of extending service mesh capabilities to workloads running outside the primary container orchestration platform.