Engineering Glossary

A feature in Git platforms that allows users to notify specific team members or reference issues by using the @ symbol followed by a username.

A feature allowing developers to test and provide feedback on new Git API functionality before it's officially released.

A Git repository containing version control information without a working directory, typically used as a central repository for collaboration.

A Git command used to perform a binary search through a repository's history to identify the commit that introduced a bug or issue.

An integrated CI/CD service in Bitbucket for automating builds, tests, and deployments.

A Git feature that shows which user last modified each line of a file, helping developers trace changes and understand code history.

A collaborative process of analyzing Git blame information to identify the source of bugs or issues in a codebase.

A parallel version of a repository, allowing developers to work on different features or experiments without affecting the main codebase.

Rules enforced on Git branches to ensure code quality, require reviews, or restrict certain actions before merging.

A premium subscription tier offered by Git hosting services, providing advanced features and support for enterprise users.

A digital certificate issued by a Certificate Authority, used in Git to establish secure HTTPS connections and verify server identities.

A temporary storage area that holds frequently accessed data for quick retrieval, improving system performance.

A Git command used to switch between different branches or restore files from a specific commit in a repository's history.

A Git operation that applies the changes from a specific commit to the current branch, useful for selective code integration.

The practice of selecting and applying specific commits from one branch to another in Git, often used for targeted bug fixes.

The process of creating a local copy of a remote Git repository, allowing developers to work on the codebase independently.

A file specifying individuals or teams responsible for code in different parts of a repository.

Operation in version control systems that saves changes to the local repository, creating a new revision with a unique identifier.

A situation in Git where incompatible changes have been made to the same part of a file, requiring manual resolution before merging.

Practice of merging all developer working copies to a shared mainline several times a day.

Directed Acyclic Graph, the underlying data structure used by Git to represent the commit history and relationships between commits.

A Git operation that moves the HEAD pointer to a specific commit, allowing for temporary exploration of historical states.

A Git command or operation that shows the differences between two commits, branches, files, or other Git objects.

Refers to the direction of change propagation in Git, typically from a parent branch to its child branches or forks.

A feature in Git platforms for browsing repository contents, viewing files, and navigating through different branches.

A Git pattern where each new feature is developed in a dedicated branch, then merged back to the main branch.

A Git command that retrieves changes from a remote repository without automatically merging them into the local branch.

A Git push operation that overwrites the remote branch's history with the local branch, potentially causing data loss if used carelessly.

A personal copy of another user's repository on a Git hosting platform, allowing independent development without affecting the original project.

A no-cost tier offered by Git hosting services, typically with limited features and storage for individual users or small projects.

An encryption software used with Git for signing commits and tags, enhancing security and verification.

A simple way to share code snippets, notes, or small files using Git, often integrated into Git platforms.

Distributed version control system for tracking changes in source code during software development.

A custom shortcut command defined by users to simplify complex or frequently used Git operations.

A mechanism in Git allowing a repository to borrow objects from another repository, useful for saving disk space in large projects.

A Git command that shows the author and commit information for each line in a file, similar to the "blame" feature.

A Git feature that tells the system to temporarily ignore changes to a tracked file, useful for local configuration files.

A mechanism in Git for defining attributes on a per-path basis, controlling how Git handles certain files or directories.

A Git command used to perform a binary search through the commit history to find the commit that introduced a bug.

An automated version of Git Bisect that uses a script to determine if each checked-out commit is "good" or "bad".

An enhanced version of Git Blame that detects lines moved or copied from other files, providing better change tracking.

A Git command that creates a single file containing all the data needed to recreate a repository's branch or history.

Commands to create and verify Git bundles, useful for transferring repository data without using a network.

A quick reference guide summarizing common Git commands and their usage, helpful for both beginners and experienced users.

A Git command used to find commits that haven't been merged upstream, useful for identifying changes to be applied to another branch.

A command to remove untracked files from the working directory, helping to maintain a clean repository state.

A command that allows you to modify the most recent commit, adding new changes or updating the commit message.

A command that allows you to modify the most recent commit, changing its message or contents, and update it without creating a new commit.

Scripts that run automatically before or after a commit, allowing you to enforce rules, format code, or perform checks on changes.

Predefined structures for commit messages, helping maintain consistency and include necessary information in commits.

Metadata added to the end of commit messages, often used for things like issue references or sign-offs.

A file format used to store commit graph structure, improving performance for operations that traverse commit history.

A command to check the integrity and validity of the commit-graph file in a Git repository.

A low-level Git command used to create a new commit object from an existing tree object.

A command and system for setting configuration options for Git on a global, local, or repository level.

A diagnostic command that provides statistics about the number and size of objects in a Git repository.

A system that securely stores and retrieves credentials for Git operations, reducing the need for manual authentication.

A lightweight server for the Git protocol, allowing anonymous read access to Git repositories.

Objects in Git that are not reachable from any reference, often created during rebasing or other history-altering operations.

A command that generates a human-readable name for a commit based on the most recent tag and additional commit information.

A command that shows changes between commits, branches, files, or the working directory and the index.

Various methods used by Git to compute differences between versions of files, optimizing for different scenarios.

An external program or interface used to visualize differences between files or commits in a more user-friendly manner.

A command that fetches updates from all remote repositories configured in a Git project.

A powerful tool for rewriting Git history, allowing for large-scale changes across many commits.

A branching model for Git that defines a strict branching structure designed to support multiple parallel developments.

The process of creating a personal copy of someone else's project, allowing for independent development without affecting the original.

A command that verifies the connectivity and validity of objects in the Git database.

Verifies the integrity of objects in the Git database, checking for corruption and inconsistencies.

A security feature in Git that uses GPG to sign and verify commits and tags, ensuring authenticity.

A process that optimizes the Git repository by removing unnecessary files and compressing objects.

Short for Git Garbage Collection, a command to clean up unnecessary files and optimize the repository.

A command for searching files in a Git repository using regular expressions or simple string matching.

A script that Git automatically runs before or after specific events, like commits or merges, to customize workflows and enforce rules.

Same as Git Hook, scripts triggered by various Git actions to automate tasks or enforce policies.

A mechanism to specify intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore, typically defined in a .gitignore file.

The internal format used by Git to store the staging area information, representing the next commit to be made.

A command used to initialize a new Git repository, creating the necessary directory structure for version control.

A feature allowing users to modify commits in their branch history, useful for cleaning up before merging.

The underlying data structures and mechanisms Git uses to store and manage version control information.

A command to parse and manipulate the trailer lines typically found at the end of commit messages.

A system that manages large files by storing them outside the main repository, replacing them with lightweight pointers to improve performance and efficiency.

An extension that replaces large files with text pointers in Git, while storing the file contents on a remote server.

A command to display the commit history of a repository, showing details like author, date, and commit message.

A set of tasks performed to keep a Git repository in good condition, including garbage collection and optimization.

Different algorithms used by Git to combine separate development histories when merging branches.

External programs or interfaces used to resolve merge conflicts in a more visual and user-friendly manner.

A command that finds the best common ancestor between two commits, useful for determining the point where branches diverged.

A feature that improves performance for repositories with many pack files by creating an index across multiple packs.

A feature allowing multiple references (like branches or tags) with the same name to coexist by separating them into different namespaces.

A way to add or inspect object notes, allowing additional information to be attached to Git objects without changing their SHA-1 hash.

The system Git uses to store all the versions of files, commits, and other objects in a content-addressable filesystem.

Compressed files containing Git objects, used to efficiently store and transfer repository data.

The internal format used by Git to store multiple objects efficiently in a single file, reducing disk usage and improving performance.

A feature allowing users to clone a repository without downloading all of its objects, saving bandwidth and storage.

A file format representing changes between versions, used for sharing and applying modifications across different repositories.

Low-level Git commands that expose the internal workings of Git, primarily used for scripting and advanced operations.

User-friendly commands for everyday tasks, like git status and git commit, designed for ease of use and clear output.

The native network protocol used by Git for efficient data transfer between repositories.

A command that removes objects that are no longer reachable from any references in the repository.

Container-based applications run on serverless platforms, combining containerization with auto-scaling.

Strategies to minimize expenses in serverless architectures while maintaining performance.

Processing and analyzing data using serverless compute resources in the cloud, providing scalable and cost-effective insights.

Handling and transforming data using auto-scaling, event-driven cloud services, eliminating infrastructure management overhead.

Fully managed database services that scale automatically based on demand, eliminating the need for manual provisioning and management.

Practices combining serverless architectures with DevOps principles for efficient cloud development.

Extract, Transform, Load processes using serverless compute for data integration in the cloud.

Connecting applications and data sources using serverless compute in cloud environments.

Building application components as independent, auto-scaling functions in the cloud.

Network management and routing tailored for serverless architectures in cloud environments.

Techniques for efficient use of compute, storage, and network resources in serverless systems.

Protecting serverless applications from vulnerabilities and attacks in cloud environments.

Tools and practices for implementing security in serverless cloud architectures.

Comprehensive solutions for protecting serverless applications and data in the cloud.

Websites built and hosted using serverless cloud services for automatic scaling.

Orchestrating sequences of serverless functions to create complex, scalable processes.

Rules for managing permissions in AWS Organizations across multiple accounts, enforcing security and compliance standards.

Automated detection of services and their network locations in cloud environments.

Targets for service performance and availability in cloud environments, defining quality standards for cloud services.

Central component managing configuration and policies in a service mesh architecture.

Component handling inter-service communication in a service mesh architecture, managing traffic flow and security.

Standardized APIs for interacting with service mesh technologies in cloud environments.

Monitoring and analyzing traffic and behavior within a service mesh architecture.

Protecting inter-service communication within a service mesh in cloud environments.

Distributing data across multiple database instances to improve performance and scalability in cloud environments.

Systems for tracking and allocating cloud resource costs within an organization.

Deploying components of an application as separate containers alongside the main container in cloud environments.

Helper containers deployed alongside main application containers to provide additional functionality in cloud environments.

Using light-based chips for high-speed data transmission in cloud data centers, improving network performance and efficiency.

Tools for implementing SRE practices in cloud environments, focusing on automation and reliability.

Cloud-based systems for creating, deploying, and managing self-executing digital contracts.

Approach to cloud network management using software-based controllers instead of hardware.

Managing and optimizing power allocation in cloud data centers through software control.

Abstracting storage services from underlying hardware in cloud environments for flexible management.

Technology for efficiently routing traffic between cloud and on-premises resources.

Integrating digital information with the physical world in cloud-based augmented and virtual reality systems.

Cloud databases optimized for storing and querying location-based data, essential for geospatial applications and analytics.

Cloud-based service for converting spoken language into text, enabling voice-controlled interfaces and transcription.

Strategies for efficiently using and monitoring discounted, interruptible cloud compute resources.

Tools for optimizing the use of discounted, interruptible cloud compute resources.

Techniques for maximizing cost savings and availability when using discounted, interruptible cloud resources.

Discounted, interruptible cloud compute resources available for bidding, offering cost savings for flexible workloads.

Techniques for maintaining application data consistency in distributed cloud environments.

Serverless architectures that maintain state between function invocations in the cloud.

Cloud-based functions that don't retain state between invocations, enhancing scalability.

AWS service for coordinating multiple Lambda functions into serverless workflows.

High-performance, low-latency memory technology bridging DRAM and SSDs in cloud infrastructure.

Mechanisms to ensure consistent performance levels for storage resources in cloud environments.

Automatically moving data between storage tiers based on access patterns to balance cost and performance.

Real-time analysis of continuously flowing data in cloud environments, enabling instant insights and rapid decision-making.

Handling and analyzing large volumes of real-time data streams in cloud environments.

Cloud-based systems for querying continuous data streams using SQL-like syntax, enabling real-time data analysis.

Segmented portion of a cloud network with its own IP address range, allowing for improved security and traffic management.

Tools for tracking and reporting environmental metrics of cloud resource usage, promoting eco-friendly cloud computing.

Documenting environmental impact and energy efficiency of cloud operations, promoting transparency and accountability.

Allocating cloud resources with consideration for environmental impact, optimizing for energy efficiency.

Improving cloud resource efficiency to minimize environmental impact while maintaining performance and reliability.

Practices and technologies minimizing the environmental impact of cloud operations.

Moving to the cloud with strategies to minimize environmental impact, optimizing resource usage and energy efficiency.

Creating cloud facilities with minimal environmental impact and maximum energy efficiency.

Using collective behavior algorithms to optimize cloud resource allocation, improving efficiency and performance.

Coordinating multiple robots using cloud-based swarm intelligence algorithms, enabling scalable and adaptive robotic systems.

Creating artificial datasets for testing and development in cloud environments, preserving privacy and expanding data availability.

Cloud services for creating AI-generated images, videos, and audio, enabling content creation at scale.

Ultra-low latency network interfaces for real-time tactile feedback in cloud applications.

Methods for labeling cloud resources to improve organization, management, and cost allocation.

Cloud infrastructure specifically designed for telecommunications service providers.

Cloud-based platforms for remotely operating robots with real-time feedback, enabling distant manipulation and interaction.

Cloud service converting written text into spoken words, often used in accessibility and voice interface applications.

Cloud-based predictive analytics for time-dependent data, used for trend analysis and future projections.

Cloud databases optimized for storing and querying time-stamped data, essential for IoT and monitoring applications.

Deploying machine learning models on resource-constrained IoT devices connected to the cloud.

Cloud-based tools for replacing sensitive data with non-sensitive tokens to enhance security.

Comprehensive assessment of direct and indirect costs associated with cloud adoption and usage.

Technique of using pre-trained AI models for new tasks, reducing training time and data requirements in the cloud.

Cloud networking service that connects VPCs, on-premises networks, and other cloud services.

Set of best practices for building scalable, maintainable cloud-native applications.

Lightweight, single-purpose machine images for running cloud applications with minimal overhead.

Analysis of costs and revenues associated with individual cloud service units or transactions.

Efforts to create standardized interfaces for interacting with various cloud services.

Secure, encrypted link between a local network and cloud resources, enabling private access to cloud services over public networks.

Cloud-based delivery of virtual reality content to end-user devices, enabling immersive experiences without local processing.

Cloud databases optimized for storing and querying high-dimensional vector data, often used in AI applications.

Managing and tracking changes to code and configurations in cloud-based repositories.

Increasing the capacity of a single cloud resource by adding more power (CPU, RAM, etc.).

Software-defined network providing connectivity for cloud resources, enabling secure and flexible communication.

Cloud-based platforms offering customizable, isolated development and testing environments.

Emulations of computer systems providing scalable, isolated environments in the cloud.

Software-based network devices deployed in cloud environments for various networking functions.

Software implementations of network functions running on cloud infrastructure, replacing traditional hardware appliances.

Cloud-based services for creating, rendering, and delivering virtual reality experiences.

Cloud-hosted VR environments for collaborative work and data visualization, enabling immersive remote collaboration.

Speech-based interfaces for interacting with cloud applications and services, enhancing accessibility and user experience.

Cloud-based processing for generating 3D holographic or volumetric images, enabling immersive visualization applications.

Cloud services for delivering 3D video content for immersive viewing experiences.

Metric measuring water consumption efficiency in cloud data centers, promoting sustainable resource management.

Tracking water consumption and efficiency in cloud data center operations, promoting sustainable resource management.

Cloud-based security service that filters and monitors HTTP traffic between web applications and the Internet.

Low-level language for running high-performance applications in cloud-based web browsers.

Binary instruction format enabling high-performance execution of code in cloud-based web environments.

Extended VPA functionality allowing scaling decisions based on application-specific metrics.

Kubernetes resource defining the behavior for automatically adjusting pod resource requests and limits.

Isolated environments within a physical Kubernetes cluster, providing multi-tenancy and resource isolation.

Single IP address representing a service, used for load balancing in container networking.

Kubernetes kubelet implementation that masquerades as a node and schedules pods on non-Kubernetes platforms.

Kubernetes volume properties (ReadWriteOnce, ReadOnlyMany, ReadWriteMany) defining how a volume can be mounted.

Process of creating a new volume populated with the contents of an existing volume in Kubernetes.

Feature allowing the size of a persistent volume to be increased without recreating the volume.

Kubernetes feature for detecting and reporting issues with persistent volumes to ensure data integrity.

Kubernetes volume properties (Block, Filesystem) defining how the storage is presented to the container.

Process of making a storage volume accessible within a container's filesystem, enabling data persistence.

Specifications in Kubernetes pod definitions declaring how volumes should be mounted into containers.

Kubernetes components enabling integration with various storage systems for persistent storage.

Point-in-time copies of volumes in Kubernetes, used for backup, restoration, or cloning of persistent data.

Incorporation of security scanning tools into the container build and deployment pipeline.

Set of tools for implementing GitOps workflows in Kubernetes environments, automating deployment and management.

Software-defined networking solution for containerized applications, providing a virtual network across hosts.

Use of Weave Net to create a virtual network connecting Docker containers across multiple hosts.

Use of WebAssembly runtimes in containers for portable, secure, and high-performance applications.

Integration of WebAssembly modules in service mesh proxies for customizable traffic management.

External services invoked during the Kubernetes admission process to validate or mutate API requests.

Kubernetes authorization mode delegating access decisions to an external REST service, enabling custom auth logic.

Kubernetes authentication method verifying bearer tokens against an external webhook service.

CNI IPAM plugin for dynamically allocating IP addresses across multiple nodes in Kubernetes.

Use of the Wireguard VPN protocol to secure container-to-container communication across hosts.

Digital certificates used for authenticating clients in Kubernetes API server communications.

Linux kernel technology for high-performance packet processing, useful in container networking scenarios.

Container advisor that collects, aggregates, and exports resource usage and performance data from running containers.

Second version of control groups, offering a unified hierarchy and improved resource management for containers.

Industry-standard container runtime used by many container and orchestration platforms, providing core container operations.

Core components and architecture of the containerd container runtime, including its image management and execution features.

Intermediary process between containerd and runc, managing container lifecycle and I/O, enhancing isolation.

Use of extended Berkeley Packet Filter for advanced container networking capabilities, enhancing performance and security.

Use of extended Berkeley Packet Filter for deep insights into container behavior and performance.

Integration of eBPF technology in service mesh implementations for improved performance and observability.

Use of eBPF for efficient and detailed monitoring of containerized applications and infrastructure.

Feature ensuring at-rest encryption of data stored in etcd, Kubernetes' distributed key-value store.

Optimization techniques for improving etcd performance in large-scale container orchestration.

Point-in-time copies of etcd's state, used for backup and recovery in Kubernetes clusters.

Process of updating the etcd cluster to a newer version in a Kubernetes environment, ensuring cluster data store reliability.

High-performance, open-source RPC framework used for efficient communication between containerized microservices.

Use of gRPC, a high-performance RPC framework, for communication between containerized microservices.

Container runtime sandbox that provides an additional layer of isolation between containerized applications and the host kernel.

Use of gVisor to enhance security in multi-tenant container environments by isolating containers from the host kernel.

Framework for securing software supply chains, applicable to container image build and distribution processes.

Open-source tool for discovering security weaknesses in Kubernetes clusters through simulated attacks.

Kubernetes network proxy maintaining network rules on nodes, implementing part of the Kubernetes Service concept.

Different implementations of kube-proxy for managing service networking, each with unique performance characteristics.

Kubernetes component responsible for assigning newly created pods to nodes based on resource requirements and constraints.

Primary node agent running on each node in a Kubernetes cluster, ensuring containers are running in a pod as expected.

Linux Containers, a userspace interface for the Linux kernel containment features, providing operating system-level virtualization.

Container runtime focusing on security and composability, offering an alternative to Docker (now deprecated).