Engineering Glossary

A record in Git's index file representing the state of a file in the repository.

A connection between Git and other tools or services to enhance functionality and workflow.

A short sequence of bytes used to identify a longer public key in Git's GPG signing process.

A secure storage system for passwords and keys, often integrated with Git clients for credential management.

A reserved word in Git commands or configurations with a specific meaning or function.

A way to categorize and organize issues and pull requests in GitHub repositories.

A document in a Git repository specifying how the project can be used, modified, and distributed.

A feature in Git platforms allowing users to comment on specific lines of code in pull requests or commits.

Characters marking the end of a line, which can cause issues in Git when collaborating across different operating systems.

A GitHub account that has been restricted due to a violation of terms of service or suspicious activity.

The default name for the primary branch in many Git repositories, replacing 'master' in recent conventions.

An administrative interface for managing Git hosting services, often used in enterprise environments.

A system of annotation used to format text, often used in Git documentation and comments.

A visual representation of an organization's membership on Git hosting platforms.

A situation in Git where incompatible changes have been made to the same part of a file, requiring manual resolution.

A way to track progress on groups of issues or pull requests in GitHub projects.

A complete copy of a repository, including all branches and history, often used for backup or as a full replica.

A team within a GitHub organization that is a subset of a larger team, inheriting its permissions.

A visual representation of the commit history and branch structure of a Git repository.

A personalized list of recent activity on Git platforms, showing updates from followed users and repositories.

A Git push that introduces new commits to the remote branch that aren't direct descendants of the current remote HEAD.

An alert system on Git platforms to inform users about relevant activities and mentions.

A fundamental unit in Git's data model, representing content, commits, trees, or tags, identified by a unique SHA-1 hash.

The storage system in Git that contains all versions of project files and metadata, organized by SHA-1 hashes.

A unique SHA-1 hash that identifies a Git object, ensuring data integrity and enabling content-addressable storage.

Another term for the SHA-1 hash that uniquely identifies a Git object in the repository.

The classification of Git objects, including blob (file content), tree (directory structure), commit, and tag.

A Git merge involving more than two branches simultaneously, creating a commit with multiple parents.

A shared account on Git hosting platforms where businesses and open-source projects can collaborate across many projects.

A user with administrative privileges for an organization account on Git hosting platforms.

A branch in Git with no parent commit, typically used to start a new history unrelated to existing branches.

A user granted access to a repository but not a member of the organization that owns the repository.

A Git feature that allows files from one branch to temporarily override files in another branch without merging.

The user or organization with administrative rights to a Git repository, controlling access and settings.

A compressed file format used by Git to store multiple objects efficiently, reducing repository size.

A file that provides fast random access to objects stored within a packfile in Git.

A commit from which another commit is derived, establishing the hierarchical relationship in Git history.

A team in a Git platform that grants its permissions to nested sub-teams within an organization.

Alerts received when you're directly involved in repository activities like being assigned or mentioned.

A pattern used in Git commands to limit the scope of operations to specific files or directories.

The process of recursively dereferencing a Git object to reveal its underlying object type.

A reference specific to a particular working tree in a Git repository with multiple worktrees.

A URL that points to a specific version of a file or directory in a Git repository, ensuring consistent reference.

An individual account on Git platforms, used for personal projects and contributions.

A Git feature for searching the repository history to find when a particular change was introduced.

A featured repository prominently displayed on a user's or organization's profile page on their Git hosting platform of choice.

Low-level Git commands that expose internal workings, primarily used for scripting and advanced operations.

High-level Git commands designed for everyday use, providing a user-friendly interface to common version control tasks.

Server-side scripts that run before pushed commits are accepted, used to enforce policies or perform checks.

The main email associated with a Git account, used for communications and commit author identification.

Contributions made to private repositories, typically only visible to repository collaborators.

A Git repository with restricted access, visible only to the owner and explicitly granted collaborators.

A Git branch that represents the stable, deployed version of a project, often protected from direct changes.

A user's public page on a Git platform, displaying information about their activity and repositories.

An image representing a user on a Git platform, displayed alongside their contributions and activities.

A kanban-style board in Git platforms for organizing and prioritizing project issues and pull requests.

A branch with rules enforcing certain conditions before changes can be pushed, merged, or deleted.

A Git reference that doesn't follow the standard refs format but is treated similarly, like HEAD or MERGE_HEAD.

Contributions made to public repositories, visible on a user's profile and activity feed.

A Git repository that is openly accessible to anyone, allowing viewing and often cloning without authentication.

Permission level in Git allowing a user to clone a repository and fetch updates, but not push changes.

The process of examining proposed changes in a pull request before they are merged into the main codebase.

A visual representation of a GitHub repository's recent activity, including commits, issues, and pull requests.

A visualization of commit frequency over time, often displayed as a heatmap on Git platforms.

The act of uploading commits from a local branch to a corresponding branch in a remote Git repository.

Permission to upload local changes to a remote Git repository, allowing direct modification of shared branches.

Data structures used to optimize Git operations by quickly determining which objects are reachable from a given commit.

Git objects that can be accessed by following the commit history from a given reference point.

Permission to view and clone a Git repository without the ability to make changes or push commits.

A backup method for accessing a Git account if two-factor authentication is enabled but unavailable.

A name that points to a specific Git object, typically a commit, such as branches or tags.

The collection of references in a Git repository, including branches, tags, and other named pointers to commits.

The address of a remote Git repository, used for fetching and pushing changes between local and remote repositories.

A version of a Git project hosted on a server, serving as a central point for collaboration and backup.

A local reference that represents the state of a corresponding branch in a remote repository.

A copy of a Git repository, often used in distributed systems for redundancy and load balancing.

A local storage of repository data used to improve performance in Git operations.

A visual representation of the commit history and branch structure in a Git repository.

A person responsible for managing a Git repository, reviewing contributions, and maintaining project quality.

A protection rule requiring one or more reviewers to approve changes before merging in Git platforms.

A condition that must be met, such as passing tests, before changes can be merged into a protected branch.

The process of addressing and fixing merge conflicts in Git, typically done manually by the developer.

A Git operation that creates a new commit that undoes the changes made by a previous commit.

The process of examining proposed changes in a pull request before merging them into the main codebase.

A specific version of a file, directory, or entire repository in Git, often referenced by a commit hash.

The act of moving a branch pointer to an earlier commit in Git, effectively undoing more recent commits.

The top-level directory of a Git repository, containing all project files and the .git subdirectory.

The base filesystem of a Git repository, from which all other directories and files are organized.

A pre-written response that can be quickly inserted into issues or pull request comments on Git platforms.

The range of access or permissions granted to a token or application in Git-based systems.

A licensed user in enterprise Git hosting plans, typically representing a single user account.

A team in a Git organization that is hidden from non-members and other teams within the organization.

A record of security-related events and actions in a system, used for monitoring and auditing purposes.

An authenticated request between Git servers, often used in integrations or automated processes.

A mechanism for Git platforms to send event notifications to external services or applications.

A Git repository with an intentionally truncated history, often created through shallow cloning.

An authentication process allowing users to access multiple Git-related services with one set of credentials.

A Git reference with a specific meaning or function, such as HEAD or FETCH_HEAD.

A deployment environment used for testing changes before releasing to production in Git-based workflows.

A feature on Git hosting platforms allowing users to bookmark repositories of interest.

Capability of different blockchain networks to exchange and use information across cloud platforms.

Cloud-based blockchain infrastructure and management tools offered as a service, simplifying blockchain adoption.

Cloud platforms offering blockchain infrastructure and tools as a managed service for easy deployment and scaling.

Immutable, distributed ledgers recording all actions and changes to cloud resources for enhanced accountability.

Distributed databases using blockchain for data storage and validation in cloud environments.

Use of blockchain technology for secure, decentralized network management and routing in cloud infrastructures.

Immutable records of security events and access logs in cloud systems using blockchain technology.

Use of blockchain technology to enhance security, integrity, and transparency of cloud services and data.

Cloud-hosted blockchain networks for tracking and verifying supply chain transactions and product provenance.

Cloud deployment strategy using two identical environments to minimize downtime and risk during updates.

Technique using two identical production environments to reduce downtime and risk when deploying new versions of cloud applications.

Internet routing protocol used in cloud networking to exchange routing information between autonomous systems.

Experimental systems allowing direct neural control of cloud resources and services.

Notifications triggered when cloud spending reaches predefined thresholds to help control costs.

Tools and practices for setting, tracking, and controlling cloud service expenditures.

Cloud-based platforms for data analysis and visualization, e.g., Amazon QuickSight, Power BI.

Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in cloud-based applications.

Open-source networking and security solution for containers and Kubernetes in cloud environments.

Technique of rolling out changes to a small subset of users before full deployment in cloud environments.

Tools and methods for estimating the environmental impact of cloud resource usage.

Metric measuring the carbon emissions associated with data center energy consumption in cloud facilities.

Cloud computing practices that consider and optimize for carbon emissions in resource allocation and usage.

Cloud infrastructure and algorithms designed to minimize carbon footprint by optimizing energy use and sourcing.

Cloud resource management that schedules tasks based on availability of low-carbon energy sources.

Consolidation of log data from various cloud services and applications into a single, searchable repository.

Cloud-based systems for designing, running, and analyzing controlled experiments to test system resilience.

Software used to intentionally introduce failures in cloud systems to test and improve their resilience.

Cloud-based platforms for designing and executing controlled experiments to test system resilience.

Frameworks for allocating and billing cloud service costs to different departments or projects within an organization.

Methods for allocating cloud costs to business units, showing actual charges or usage without billing.

Cloud-based platforms for building, deploying, and managing conversational AI agents.

Open-source, eBPF-based networking, observability, and security solution for container and Kubernetes environments.

Design pattern that prevents cascading failures in distributed cloud systems by temporarily disabling failing components.

Practices promoting reuse, refurbishment, and recycling of cloud infrastructure components.

Software that provides a unified interface to multiple cloud providers, simplifying multi-cloud management.

Service that mediates between cloud users and providers, enforcing security policies and monitoring usage.

Structured approach for planning and implementing cloud migration and optimization strategies.

Tools and services for processing and analyzing large datasets using cloud-based resources.

Systems for discovering, classifying, and managing cloud resources across an organization's infrastructure.

Processes and tools for tracking, optimizing, and governing cloud resources throughout their lifecycle.

Intermediary service that helps organizations select, integrate, and manage multiple cloud services.

Technique of extending on-premises infrastructure into the cloud to handle peak workloads.

Content Delivery Network services that distribute data from cloud origins to global edge locations for faster access.

Tools and practices for measuring and reporting the environmental impact of cloud resource consumption.

Cross-functional team responsible for cloud strategy, governance, and best practices within an organization.

Process of adjusting cloud resource settings to improve performance, security, and cost-efficiency.

Automated identification of unusual or unexpected changes in cloud spending patterns.

Strategies and tools for reducing cloud expenses while maintaining performance and meeting business needs.

Open-source tool for managing and enforcing cloud security, compliance, and cost optimization policies.

Scalable, managed Domain Name System service for translating domain names to IP addresses in cloud environments.

Services ensuring data storage and processing comply with regional data residency and privacy laws.

Framework for defining cloud infrastructure using familiar programming languages instead of configuration files.

Practices and tools for managing, optimizing, and reporting on cloud spending and resource utilization.

Serverless compute platform for running event-driven code without managing infrastructure.

Service that streams video games from cloud servers to user devices, reducing hardware requirements.

Set of policies, processes, and tools for managing and controlling cloud resource usage and compliance.

Tools for managing access rights and permissions across multi-cloud environments.

Service providing direct, private network connections between on-premises networks and Google Cloud.

Strategies and tools for managing software licenses in cloud environments to reduce costs and ensure compliance.

Integrated suite of tools for monitoring, managing, and optimizing multi-cloud and hybrid cloud environments.

Evaluation of on-premises IT assets to determine feasibility, strategy, and costs for moving to the cloud.

Tools and services for tracking performance, availability, and health of cloud resources and applications.

Tools for monitoring and optimizing performance of applications built for cloud environments.

Standardized way to transform application source code into container images for cloud deployment.

Continuous integration and delivery practices optimized for cloud-native application development and deployment.

Database systems designed to leverage cloud infrastructure for scalability, resilience, and performance.

Network architectures and technologies optimized for cloud-native application environments.

Practices and tools for monitoring, logging, and tracing cloud-native applications and infrastructure.

Security practices and tools designed specifically for protecting cloud-native applications and infrastructure.

Storage systems designed to integrate seamlessly with cloud-native applications and container orchestrators.

Tools and practices for automating the deployment, configuration, and management of cloud network resources.

Virtualizing network functions like firewalls and load balancers in cloud environments.

AI-driven tools for optimizing and securing cloud network performance and operations.

Services for measuring and comparing performance metrics across different cloud providers and configurations.

Use of cloud computing resources for processing and generating complex graphics or animations.

Process of moving applications or data from public cloud environments back to on-premises or private cloud infrastructure.

Integration of cloud computing with robotics, enabling robots to leverage cloud resources for processing and data storage.

Cloud-based tools for processing and analyzing large datasets generated by robotic systems.

Measures and tools to protect cloud-connected robotic systems from cyber threats and unauthorized access.

Cloud-based platforms for testing and training robotic systems in virtual environments.

Fully managed platform for deploying and scaling containerized applications in a serverless environment.

Comprehensive measures and tools to protect data, applications, and infrastructure in cloud computing environments.

Tools for continuously monitoring and improving security risks in cloud infrastructure configurations.

Centralized repository of available cloud services and resources within an organization.

Tools and practices for analyzing and optimizing cloud expenditures across an organization.

Automated identification of unusual or unexpected patterns in cloud service usage and costs.

Predictive analytics tools for estimating future cloud costs based on historical usage and trends.

Wide Area Network service that connects and manages global network resources using cloud infrastructure.

Managed service for connecting and managing global network resources using cloud infrastructure.

Security solutions designed to protect cloud-native applications and workloads across multiple environments.

Services for storing, versioning, and collaborating on 3D models and assets in the cloud.

Services providing image and video analysis capabilities for cloud-connected robotic systems.

Platforms offering human-powered or AI-assisted data annotation for machine learning models.

Virtual representations of physical objects or systems, powered by cloud computing and IoT data.

OS designed to manage resources across multiple cloud environments as a single system.

Platforms offering pre-trained or customizable generative AI models as cloud services.

Services using cloud computing to generate and deliver tactile sensations for virtual or augmented reality experiences.

Services utilizing cloud resources to process and analyze motion capture data for animation or biomechanics.

Platforms offering scalable environments and resources for training AI agents using reinforcement learning algorithms.

Services enabling robots to learn and improve their capabilities using cloud-based AI and machine learning resources.

Integration of 5G mobile edge computing with container platforms for low-latency applications and services at network edges.

Application of AI and machine learning for automated operations, monitoring, and management of containerized environments.

Guidelines for phasing out older API versions in Kubernetes, ensuring smooth transitions for users.

Mechanisms to extend the Kubernetes API with custom resources and functionalities, enhancing platform capabilities.

Containerized service that acts as a single entry point for all client requests to a microservices architecture.

Core component of Kubernetes that exposes the cluster's API and handles all administrative operations.

Kubernetes feature allowing the API server to be extended with additional APIs without modifying core Kubernetes code.

Approach prioritizing API design before implementation, crucial for developing scalable containerized microservices.

Serverless compute engine for containers, allowing you to run containers without managing the underlying infrastructure.

Design pattern in containerized microservices that wraps a service's interface to make it compatible with other services.

Plugins that intercept requests to the Kubernetes API server before object persistence, enforcing policies or modifying objects.

Admission controllers specifically focused on enforcing security policies and validating security-related configurations.

HTTP callbacks that receive admission requests and can modify or validate objects before they are persisted.

Use of admission webhooks within Kubernetes operators to enforce custom policies or modify resources.

Kubernetes feature providing detailed logging of all requests processed by the API server for security and compliance.

Extension of the Kubernetes API server to include custom resources and functionalities without modifying core Kubernetes.

Combination of multiple ClusterRoles into a single role, simplifying RBAC management in Kubernetes.

Container registries isolated from public networks, used in secure or restricted environments.

Open-source project for exposing heterogeneous leaf devices as resources in Kubernetes clusters.

Setup and management of Prometheus Alertmanager for handling alerts from monitoring systems.

Fully managed Docker container registry provided by AWS for storing, managing, and deploying container images.

Microservices design pattern where a dedicated service acts as an API gateway for other services.

Service mesh implementation that doesn't require sidecars, reducing resource overhead and simplifying deployment.

Open-source tool for deep inspection of container images, including vulnerability scanning and policy enforcement.

Kubernetes operators implemented using Ansible for automating application lifecycle management.

Network policies specific to the Antrea CNI plugin, offering fine-grained control over pod-to-pod communication.

Kubernetes networking solution using Open vSwitch for improved performance and advanced networking features.

Open-source serverless platform that executes functions in response to events or direct invocations.

Security profiles for Linux that restrict program capabilities, enhancing container isolation and security.

Logging implemented within applications, providing detailed insights into application behavior and performance.

Platform providing security and compliance for container-based and cloud-native applications throughout their lifecycle.

Comprehensive security solution for containerized and cloud-native environments, offering vulnerability management and runtime protection.

GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, automating application deployment and lifecycle management.

Kubernetes controller for advanced deployment strategies like canary and blue-green deployments.

Declarative GitOps tool for Kubernetes, automating application deployment and synchronization with Git repositories.

Process of storing, organizing, and managing container images and related artifacts in container registries.

Open-source platform for fine-grained access control and authentication in distributed systems.

Access control paradigm where authorization decisions are based on attributes of users, resources, and environment.

Additional metadata added to Kubernetes audit events for enhanced context and analysis, improving audit trails.

Components responsible for processing and storing Kubernetes audit logs, supporting various storage and analysis options.

Records of requests and activities within a Kubernetes cluster, used for security monitoring and compliance.

Configurable detail levels for Kubernetes audit logs, ranging from metadata-only to full request and response details.

Process of recording API server requests and responses for security, troubleshooting, and compliance purposes.

Detailed records of activities and operations within a Kubernetes cluster, used for security and compliance monitoring.

Configuration defining which events should be recorded in Kubernetes audit logs and at what level of detail.

Predefined set of audit policy rules for common use cases in Kubernetes, simplifying audit configuration.

Different phases of request processing where audit events can be generated in Kubernetes, providing comprehensive auditing.

Setup for sending Kubernetes audit events to external webhook endpoints for processing or analysis.

Process of systematically recording and examining activities within a Kubernetes cluster for security and compliance purposes.

Intermediary service that handles authentication before forwarding requests to the Kubernetes API server.

Pluggable components in container orchestration platforms for verifying user identities using various methods.

Rules defining access permissions for users and services in container orchestration platforms.

Serverless container hosting service in Azure, offering rapid deployment of containers without cluster management.

Managed Docker registry service for storing and managing container images in Azure cloud environments.

Implementation of Border Gateway Protocol within containerized network environments for advanced routing.

In container networks, BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) manages routing information between containers and external networks for efficient traffic routing.

Microservices design pattern where a dedicated service acts as an API gateway for specific frontend needs.

Processes for preserving and recovering container data and configurations in orchestration platforms.

Foundation Docker image upon which other images are built, containing core OS and runtime components.

Process of choosing appropriate foundation images for container builds, balancing size, security, and functionality.

Kubernetes quality of service class for pods with no resource guarantees, scheduled when resources are available.

Deployment strategy using two identical environments to minimize downtime and risk during updates.

Temporary tokens used for secure cluster initialization and node joining in Kubernetes, simplifying cluster setup.

Minimalist Linux-based operating system optimized for running containers in cloud environments.

Advanced container image building toolkit offering improved performance and caching capabilities.

Use of BuildKit for efficient, concurrent, and cache-optimized container image creation, improving build performance.

Isolation technique in microservices to contain failures and prevent system-wide cascading failures.

The Bulkhead Pattern in microservices isolates failures by dividing services into separate compartments, preventing issues in one from affecting others.

Kubernetes quality of service class for pods that can use more resources than requested when available.

Security configuration guidelines for deploying containers securely in various environments.

Technique of using multiple Container Network Interface plugins together for advanced networking capabilities.

Kubernetes feature for fine-grained CPU resource management and allocation to containers, optimizing performance.

Technique to limit CPU usage of containers to prevent resource monopolization and ensure fair allocation.

Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in distributed systems, often used in microservices.

Architectural pattern separating read and write operations in distributed systems, often used in microservices.

Standard interface between container runtimes and Kubernetes, allowing pluggable runtime implementations.

Functionality within CRI for pulling, inspecting, and removing container images, standardizing image operations.

Standardized logging interface for container runtimes implementing the Container Runtime Interface.

Performance and resource usage data exposed by container runtimes adhering to the CRI specification.

Kubernetes feature allowing selection of different runtime configurations for containers, enabling specialized runtimes.

Unix domain socket used for communication between Kubelet and the CRI-compatible container runtime.

Process of verifying that a container runtime correctly implements the CRI specification, ensuring compatibility.

Lightweight container runtime specifically designed for Kubernetes, implementing the CRI specification.

Core components and architecture of the CRI-O container runtime, including its interaction with Kubernetes.

Use of CRI-O, a lightweight container runtime, as the primary runtime in a Kubernetes cluster.

Component of CSI responsible for volume provisioning and attachment operations in container orchestration systems.

Plugins implementing the Container Storage Interface for various storage systems in Kubernetes.

Short-lived volumes in Kubernetes, created and deleted alongside a pod using CSI drivers, for temporary storage.

Process of transitioning from in-tree volume plugins to CSI drivers in Kubernetes, improving storage extensibility.

Component of CSI responsible for mounting volumes and making them available to containers.

Feature allowing storage provisioning based on topology constraints in Kubernetes, optimizing data locality.

Caching strategy where the application checks the cache before retrieving data from the main data store.

Techniques for implementing and managing caches in containerized applications for improved performance.

Open-source networking and network security solution for containers, providing a rich set of security policies.

High-performance networking mode in Calico using extended Berkeley Packet Filter for packet processing.

Technique of releasing new versions to a subset of users or servers to minimize risk and gather feedback.

Fine-grained privileges that can be assigned to containers, enhancing security by limiting root-level access.

Mechanisms for managing and restricting Linux capabilities assigned to containers for improved security.

Groupings or classifications of container-related resources or components for easier management and discovery.

Ceph's block storage system, often used for persistent volumes in container orchestration platforms.